Jane Eyre Class Analysis - 1624 Words

Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte shows the hierarchical class system prevalent in England in the 19th century. Through the character of Jane, Bronte explores the system and reveals many issues with society in the 19th century. For instance, the novel raises the issue of whether a governess should be considered upper class due to her superior education or lower class due to her servant-like status in the family. Jane’s journey through the established class structure results in her making judgments based on the class stereotype. Readers see Jane in all social classes throughout the novel from a poor beggar, to a middle-class governess, to a well-off wife. By the end of the novel, Jane finds a â€Å"sense of equality† with her place in society. She†¦show more content†¦John and is attracted to their power. The first instance of Jane making assumptions based on class is when she arrives at Thornfield. When Jane arrives at Thornfield she feels relieved to learn that Mr s. Fairfax was not her employer, but simply a housekeeper, implying that they both were dependents and can interact as equals. This provides evidence that Jane is basing her assumptions off social class rather than pure personality. Eventually, Jane becomes financially independent at Thornfield and is seen as implicitly questioning the class structure. Her attitude at Thornfield depicts that she combines deference with independence. She has too much self-respect to lavish her love for an indifferent Rochester, who is described as not being of â€Å"her order†. She tells herself, â€Å"He is not of your order; keep to your caste† (Bronte, 416). She shows an independent spirit, which has a double-edged perspective. By refusing to be treated as a servant, she implies a class judgment on those below her as well as a radical attitude to those above her. While at Thornfield and along her journey, Jane is seen acting completely different toward people of power and people who are rich and poor. Jane has always been furious with the way she was treated by Reeds, yet she also shares some of society’s class assumptions about the poor. This can be seen through Jane’s reaction against theShow MoreRelatedJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1374 Words   |  6 PagesJane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Within the specter of the Gothic fictions arises the atmosphere of gloom, terror, and mystery with some elements of uncanny challenging reality. One major characteristic function of the Gothic fictions is to open the fiction to the realm of the irrational and perverse narratives, obsessions, and nightmarish terrors that hide beneath the literally civilized mindset in order to demonstrate the presence of the uncanny existing in the world known rationally through experienceRead MoreThe Upbringing Of Orphans By Charles Dickens And Jane Eyre1714 Words   |  7 Pagesmany, and leads readers to wonder about the injustices of the conditions of the orphans. The novels Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens 1838 and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte 1847 depicted much of the 19th century working class and illustrated the treatment of orphans with different socio-economic perspectives. The role of the two orphans in the novels (Oliver and Jane) leads the reader through a maze of experiences, encounterin g life s threats and grasping its opportunities. The novels show an insightRead MoreUse of Gothic Elements in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre1740 Words   |  7 PagesUSE OF GOTHIC ELEMENTS IN CHARLOTTE BRONTES ‘JANE EYRE Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre was published in the middle of the nineteenth century. Bronte was greatly influenced by the Gothic novels that were in fashion before the time of Jane Eyre. The Gothic novel was popularised in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and was defined by its use of suspense, supernatural elements, and desolate locations to generate a gloomy or chilling mood. The protagonist of the novel would generallyRead MoreVictorian Schools Using Hard Times And Jane Eyre916 Words   |  4 PagesUnfair Treatment (An analysis of Victorian schools using Hard Times and Jane Eyre) The Victorian Era was a time of much turmoil. Through the reign of Queen Victoria there were many aspects of society that took a standstill and some may say, declined. Education is a tremendous example of the stand still in the British society, showing the negative approaches to teaching. Preston Barker wrote about the conditions of victorian schools explaining, â€Å"Children soon learnt to do what the teacher asked, otherwiseRead MoreUse of Gothic Elements in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre1729 Words   |  7 PagesUSE OF GOTHIC ELEMENTS IN CHARLOTTE BRONTES ‘JANE EYRE Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre was published in the middle of the nineteenth century. Bronte was greatly influenced by the Gothic novels that were in fashion before the time of Jane Eyre. The Gothic novel was popularised in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and was defined by its use of suspense, supernatural elements, and desolate locations to generate a gloomy or chilling mood. The protagonist of the novel would generallyRead MoreFeminism in Jane Eyre1423 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism in Jane Eyre Jay Sheldon Feminism has been a prominent and controversial topic in writings for the past two centuries. With novels such as Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice, or even William Shakespeares Macbeth the fascination over this subject by authors is evident. In Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre the main character, Jane Eyre, explores the depth at which women may act in society and finds her own boundaries in Victorian England. As well, along with the notions of feminism oftenRead MoreThe Binary Opposition Of Master And Servant In Jane Eyre1208 Words   |  5 Pagesin the relationship between John Reed and Jane. Although Jane is an apparent member of John’s foster family, she is often treated of a lower class because of her orphaned status and low wealth. John Reed shows a strong inferiority as he claims himself ‘master’ when he is yet a child of the household. This is best portrayed by a scene in chapter 1 when Jane asks John, â€Å"’What do you want?’†, whereupon John replies, â€Å"’Say, ‘What do you want master Reed?’’† Jane evidently shows a rejection to the claimRead More Imagery in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesImagery in Jane Eyre   Ã‚  Ã‚   Charlotte Bronte wrote the novel Jane Eyre in the mid-eighteen hundreds. In her novel she expresses her views on many important factors present during this time including social problems such as race, class, gender, and the role of religion. Each of these factors affects the way that the protagonist, Jane Eyre, grows as a person. Throughout the novel Charlotte Bronte uses images and symbols that either influence or represent Janes growth. Bronte uses a commonRead More Narration and Conversation in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay1439 Words   |  6 PagesNarration and Conversation in Jane Eyre      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout her life, Jane Eyre, the heroine of the novel by Charlotte Bronte, relies heavily on language and story-telling to communicate her thoughts and emotions. Not only are good story-telling skills important to Jane Eyre as a the narrator, but they are also important to Jane Eyre as a character in her own novel. From the beginning of the novel, we learn of Janes love of books -- each picture told a story (40) -- and of her talent for tellingRead MoreEssay on An Analysis of Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre1431 Words   |  6 PagesAn Analysis of Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre is presented in the Victorian Period of England. It is a novel which tells the story of a childs maturation into adulthood. Janes developing personality has been shaped by her rough childhood. She has been influenced by many people and experiences. As a woman of her time, Jane has had to deal with the strain of physical appearance. This has a great effect on her mental thinking and decision making. Jane Eyres cognitive

Do Cognitive-Based Games And Activities Help Memory In...

As we age, many of our body’s abilities begin to fade (Hedden Gabrieli, 2004; Nilson, 2003; as cited in Basak, Book, Voss, Kramer, 2008). Two important abilities that decline quickly are our ability to process information and our memory (Schaie, 1996; Bopp Verhaegen, 2005; as cited in Basak, Book, Voss, Kramer, 2008). It has been medically proven that after the age of sixty, people are at risk of losing their cognitive control (Basak, Book, Voss, Kramer, 2008). By the year 2030, it is estimated that the population consisting of individuals sixty-five and older is expected to rise up to 71.5 million (Stineman, Xie, Pan, Kurichi, Saliba, Streim, 2011). The problem with the inflation in the older population is how to take care†¦show more content†¦This study wanted to compare the results and differences between young adults (62 and younger) and older adults (63 and older) (Heisz, et.al, 2014). Heisz, et.al used the Victoria Longitudinal Study Activities Questionn aire to acquire data during the physical and socio-cognitive activities and watching television (2014). The authors found that compared to the younger adults, the older adults showed that while participating in leisure, non-engaging television viewing, they were less active (Heisz, et.al, 2014). This finding means that more television watching and fewer activities could be harmful mentally towards older adults (Heisz, et.al, 2014). In a study conducted by Pauline Maillot, Alexandra Perrot, and Alan Hartley, they wanted to study the effects that exergames would have on their participants’ physicality and cognitive function (2012). Exergames is defined by the authors as a â€Å"video game that incorporates game play with physical exercise† (Maillot, et.al, 2012). The authors gave the participants many cognitive tests along with physical activity tests after they completed the exergames (Maillot, et.al, 2012). The authors found that the experimental group showed increased scores on their cognitive tests along with slight increases in their physical aptitude tests (Maillot, et.al, 2012). Maillot and colleagues stated that exergames would be a great contribution to facilities to help their residents in maintaining mental and physicalShow MoreRelatedResults And Selection Of Study Selection Process Essay1517 Words   |  7 PagesHowever, the majority of participants were healthy older adults. The interv entions utilised included the Nintendo WiiTM, Xbox 360, non-action video games, exergames, online game suites, exercise programs used on iPads, and cognitive training programs. Furthermore, the frequency of the interventions ranged from 3 to 24 weeks, and lasted 20 to 90 minutes per session. The outcome measures used included attention, processing speed, working and episodic memory, executive functioning, reaction time, balanceRead MoreCognitive Development Throughout A Lifetime913 Words   |  4 Pages Cognitive Development Throughout a Lifetime Children are different from adults when it comes to a lot of things, memory being one of them. This is because children are able to better receive and process large amounts of information vs adults. There are many reasons for this. Mostly because the brain of a child is open and excited about their surroundings and new experiences. Because they are so openly engaged in their environment, this causes them to be more aware of small detailsRead MoreOutline Of Search Results And Selection Of Studies Essay1910 Words   |  8 Pagesdementia, coronary artery disease, degenerative joint problems and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, the majority of participants were healthy older adults, with most studies excluding those with any psychiatric or neurological disorders. The interventions utilised in the studies included the Nintendo WiiTM, Xbox 360, non-action video games, exergames, online game suites, exercise programs used on iPads, and cognitive training programs. Furthermore, the frequency of the interventions rangedRead MoreThe Frequency of Social and Intellectual Activities Within Young Adults and Their Influences on Cognitive Functioning1759 Words   |  7 Pagesfrequency of both social and intellectual activities within young adults (university students) and to determine which has more influence on their cognitive functioning skills such as attention, perception, memory, problem solving and reasoning. There has been a lot of research into the decline in cognitive abilities as we get older and how our lifestyle affects these abilities. However, there is a lack of research considering the lifestyle effects in younger adults. A lot of research has shown that moreRead MoreThe Number Of Adults Over The Age Of 651551 Words   |  7 PagesThe number of adults over the age of 65 has been increasing in last number of years. Senior citizens make up around 20% of the United States population. Adults over the age of 65 have and experience at some point limita tions in their lifestyle and in the way they live day to day. Most of the US senior citizens can and live independently and continue to maintain a close relationship with friends and family. Then there are those seniors that experience changes in their life that prevents them fromRead MoreParkinson s Disease : A Disease1196 Words   |  5 Pagesthe most injuries a Parkinson’s patient has; whether it be fractures or concussions. It causes a loss in muscle movement and muscle control. Patients with Parkinson’s get really stiff when the medication wears off and is hard to move and do simple daily activities. Additionally, it causes tremors. An example would be when people’s hands shake when they haven’t been doing anything but resting and it shouldn’t be doing it. The list continues†¦ Types of Parkinson’s. Most people think Parkinson’s is justRead MoreFinal Fantasy to World of Warcraft: The Benefits of Video Games1569 Words   |  7 PagesGoing outside has become a thing of the past for some and many parents struggle to get their children to stop playing video games. Submersed in the world of violent video games, society has started to scorn the idea of them. Though video games seem to have a lot of drawbacks, other parts of society encourage the development of video games. While many believe that video games are detrimental to society they actually hold many benefits for all age ranges. William Higinbotham, a nuclear physicist lobbiedRead MoreCognitive Resilience in Adulthood9822 Words   |  40 Pages * Jump to first hit Headnote ABSTRACT A resilience framework for understanding cognitive aging implies a search for factors that buffer against existing risk, enabling one to thrive in what might otherwise be adverse circumstances. The cascade of biological processes associated with senescence and a cultural context that does not take into account this biological imperative each create risk for cognitive decline in later adulthood. We propose that (a) engagement, a sustained investment inRead MoreStudent s Choice Of How They Spend Their Leisure Time Will Affect Their Collegiate Gpa1499 Words   |  6 Pagesa walk, playing video games, or napping to name a few. These activities have nothing to do with your school work. However, will they make an impact on your performance in the classroom? For my paper topic, I decided to investigate how a student’s choice of how they spend their leisure time will affect their collegiate GPA. This topic is important because we teach students from a very young age what behaviors help them be better students, and what can be detrimental. But, do those behaviors stillRead MoreYouth Sports Coach Better Understand Children s Learning And Performance Skills2390 Words   |  10 PagesThis paper will seek to help the youth sports coach better understand children’s learning and performance skills in relation to their given sport. Within the paper there will be several different topics discussed in order to help the coach see the overall picture of what motor behavior learning looks like through the eyes of a youth athlete. The topics incorporated are: 1) growth and development issues and the influence they may have on children’s motor skills; 2) cognitive factors influencing the

Principles of Commerce Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Comm101 Principles of Commerce. Answer: Reflective Essay Core values are the guiding principles, which dictate the behavior and actions of a human being. These values can help people to choose between right or wrong behavior and action (Bocken et al. 2013). Compromising with even one value can cause disregards to the entire value system. While assessing my core values, I can first mention Honesty. My strength of honesty is linked with my self-concordance, which accurately represent my interest and values. I am always fair, trustworthy and loyal to my work. It can further guide me to perform ethical jobs in my organization. Secondly, I can mention Integrity as my important core value. I always remain honest and use moral principles in all of my activities. Moreover, this trait of truthfulness can help me further to get accurate results in the professional career. Thirdly, I can mention my core value as creativity. It is reflected in my thrust of innovation and knowledge. I always enjoy gathering something new from any activities I do. I am quite sure that this power of creativity will definitely help me to establish my career with providing something new to an organization. Fourthly, teamwork is my significant core value, which can help me to make belongingness with my surrounding people. I always enjoy working in team and remaining supportive to each of the team members. This core value can foster my career as team leaders in my future workplace. Fifthly, excellence is my utmost preference as my important core values. I always prefer perfection in all my activities and try to have excellence in all those. It will definitely help me to excel in my career with the tough of excellence in jobs. Johnson Johnson performed an extremely unethical practice. The organization has been claimed with the allegation that its talc power is being responsible for causing ovariancancer for the women. Despite of many order from the court, the organization denied to agree with such claim. Moreover, they never warned the customers regarding the possibilities of physical harm on usage for their products for many years. Moreover, in response of lawsuits from the courts, the organization has said that there is no proper and sufficient evidence for proving such claim. Rather than providing warning level, the organization is simply avoiding such claims and continuing their marketing activities in the continuous way. The organization was also ordered to pay the women for their medical treatment, who suffered from ovarian cancer in hospitals. However, the organization also denied doing so before proofing the claims. For years, medical researchers knew that talcum powder was dangerous for children and babies. It causes breathing problems to the babies and children. Recently, the women are also claiming that talcum power is causing their ovarian cancer. JJ is also aware of such possibilities from their talcum powder. Therefore, it was expected that the organization would at least use warning level on their products regarding its side effects. However, despite of various lawsuits from the courts, the organization is still reluctant to believe such claim and still not provides such warning levels on their products. Ovarian cancer can damage the reproductive abilities of the women. In this way, it can even lead to loss of femininityafter removal of reproductive organs during cancer treatment. Most of the women giving ovarian cancer face real possibilities of dying. Moreover, this disease has rare chance to cure. Furthermore, such unethical practice of JJ also has some organizational consequences. Such claims can actually damage the reputation of the organization and customers will be less willing to purchase such talcum powder, which will reduce the sales volume of the organization. Moreover, the organizational practice also under developing the society through cause the health harm to the women. Furthermore, the organization is also making the people economically weak for the expensive treatment of the ovarian cancer. I feel very disappointed after reading the case study of Johnson and Johnsons organizational practice regarding the talcum powder. Decades of medical research have proved that talcum power is dangerous for women. Even the organization has been accused with the claim that its talcum powder is responsible for the ovarian cancer of women. However, the organization never paid significant attention to the claims. Moreover, the organization still not provides warning level on its products. In this way, the organization is conducting unethical business practice, which is causing serious diseases for the women. I have felt such disappointment and noticed such unethical practices in Nestle. Nestle was using excessive amount of lead in their Maggi noodles, which caused several health harms to the noodle lovers. However, the product had been banned immediately. Utilitarianismis the most popular and best known moral theory. This theory is also like the other forms of consequentialism. The core idea of this theory is that whether an action is ethically and morally right or wrong is depend on its consequences (Drolet and Hudon 2015). Moreover, as per this theory, the best is the one, which can maximize its utility. Utility can be depicted in various forms, but usually defines the terms for the well-being of human beings and animals. However, the founder of Utilitarianismtheory has defined utility as the sum of all pleasures out of the action minus the total sufferings involved in the action. Therefore, the consequence of an action can be just in the form of standard between right and wrong. In contrast to other forms of consequentialism, this theory involves all the interest equally. Furthermore, according to this theory, an activity is right, when it is capable of promoting happiness (Craft 2013). On the other hand, an activity is wrong, when it promotes the reverse things of happiness among the human beings and animals. From my point of view, an activity can only be right, when it does not harm anybody and promotes happiness in life. Apart from that, this theory has analyzed the happiness as the balance between the pleasure of an activity and the pain gained from that activity (Ives and Bekessy 2015). Utilitariansbelieve that the purpose behind moral action is to make life better through increasing extent of good things and decreasing extent of bad things in the world. This theory rejects the moral codes, which are consisted of taboos and commands based on traditions and customs or the orders from supernatural beings and leaders (Jones and Felps 2013). This theory believes that a morality can only be true, when it positively contributes to the life of human beings. I have learnt from this theory that an ethical and moral action should provide maximum utility and should provide maximum amount of good. Moreover, the happiness of largest amount of people within the society is considered to be as largest amount of good. This theory relies on equal consideration of interest and never discriminates among the individuals regarding their interest. However, this theory is based on the concept of declining marginal utility, which depicts that the same thing can enhance the interest of a wel l-off individual to a lesser degree than a less well-off individual (Ayios et al. 2014). The focus of happiness and pleasure is the eventual end of any moral decision. Moreover, Utilitarianismdepicts that moral worth of an action is completely determined by the contribution of the action to the overall utility by increasing happiness. While applyingUtilitarianism in the case study of Johnsons and Johnsons, it can be said that the action and practice of the organization is not at all moral or ethical. Moreover, the practice of the organization is not providing maximum utility to the consumers. Tough the talcum powder of this organization provides cool and smooth skin with nice odour, still the powder cannot provide the maximum utility to the consumers. This powder cannot be the greatest reason of happiness to the consumers. Moreover, the power is actually harming the women physically over its long-term usage. Utilitarianism depicts that the morality and ethical extent of an action is fully dependent on its consequence on the human life (Fleurbaey and Mongin 2016). In such extent, the talcum powder of JJ is causing ovarian cancer to the women, which can even lead to death of those women. Furthermore, even after getting the order of courts, the organization is not providing any warning level on their products. In this way, the practice of this organization is ultimately increasing the amount of pain in the society, which is completely opposite of Utilitarianism theory. Moreover, the organization is practicing unethical business practice, which is being the reason of pain for the consumers. Furthermore, this theory depicts that the morality of an action is measured through the sum of total happiness minus the sum of total pain coming out of the action (Yazdani and Murad 2015). However, in case of JJ, the sum of pain is quite larger than the sum of happiness it provides to the consumers. Apar t from that the lack of transparency of the organization with its consumers is also causing further possibilities of physical harm to the consumers from the talcum powder. In this way, ultimately, it can be said that JJ is actually practicing immoral and unethical business practice. I would have definitely maintained honesty in the business, if I was the chief executive officer of the Johnsons and Johnsons. I would have given me the fundamental value to the business and it would have been possible to maintain long-term relationship with the customers. It is proven that talcum powder leads to some diseases for the children and babies. Apart from that, various researches have also proved that the talcum powder is causing ovarian cancer to the women. Therefore, towards conducting responsible business, I would have definitely provided warning level on the talcum powders regarding its long-term usage. As per the Utilitarianism theory, moral business operation can only be possible, when can provide maximum utility towards the happiness of the consumers. However, the business practice of this organization is completely opposite to the moral action and ultimately causing pain and harm to the consumers. Therefore, I would have tried to change the ingredients of the talcu m powder during its production, which can have less impact of the health of the women. It would have assisted the organization to regain the trust and co-operation of the consumers and Government on their talcum powder. In this way, it would have been possible to maintain long-term relationship with the customers and other stakeholder towards long-term sustainability of the business. Furthermore, I am always willing to maintain integrity in all my activities. I believe that integrity is the prime factor for maintain the genuine loyalty level of the customers. Moreover, transparency with the organizational stakeholders can bring business integrity towards business fairness. Therefore, as the CEO of JJ, I would have never tried to hide anything from the stakeholder. I would have maintained transparent policies in the organization and obviously provided warning to the customers regarding the health harming possibilities of the talcum powder. It would have assisted me to maintain a trustworthy relationship with the organizational stakeholders and protect the image of the business in the society. As Utilitarianism theory, a moral action is the one, which can bring maximum happiness in the society and minimize the overall pain in the society. However, the organization is nowhere capable of increasing the happiness of the customers rather it is actually increasing the amount of pain in the society. Moreover, the organization is even denying the claims against the products and not even trying the resolve the issues causing from their products. I would have definitely tried to cooperate with the stakeholders towards minimizing the harms caused from the products. It would have proved the organizational responsibility for its society and enhance the level of loyalty with the customers. Moreover, as the CEO of JJ, I would have definitely use my creative value towards finding alternative ways of reducing the harmful element in the talcum powder and thereby maintain the corporate image in the society. References Ayios, A., Jeurissen, R., Manning, P. and Spence, L.J., 2014. Social capital: a review from an ethics perspective.Business Ethics: A European Review,23(1), pp.108-124. Bocken, N., Short, S., Rana, P. and Evans, S., 2013. A value mapping tool for sustainable business modelling.Corporate Governance,13(5), pp.482-497. Craft, J.L., 2013. A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 20042011.Journal of Business Ethics,117(2), pp.221-259. Drolet, M.J. and Hudon, A., 2015. Theoretical frameworks used to discuss ethical issues in private physiotherapy practice and proposal of a new ethical tool.Medicine, health care and philosophy,18(1), pp.51-62. Fleurbaey, M. and Mongin, P., 2016. The Utilitarian Relevance of the Aggregation Theorem.American Economic Journal: Microeconomics,8(3), pp.289-306. Ives, C.D. and Bekessy, S.A., 2015. The ethics of offsetting nature.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,13(10), pp.568-573. Jones, T.M. and Felps, W., 2013. Shareholder wealth maximization and social welfare: A utilitarian critique.Business Ethics Quarterly,23(02), pp.207-238. Yazdani, N. and Murad, H.S., 2015. Toward an ethical theory of organizing.Journal of Business Ethics,127(2), pp.399-417.

John Cage an Example of the Topic Personal Essays by

John Cage by Expert Ellah PHD | 22 Dec 2016 John Milton Cage is among the most mysterious figures, who managed to reach the Bohemian Olympus, moreover, to maintain their status, as his professional development occurred throughout his whole life span. Cage seems to have exceeded his own time, thats why he is often declared as a scandalous figure as well: Zen Buddhist, vanguard philosopher, writer and composer, who interpreted his own music as purposeless play, which, however, is an affirmation of life not an attempt to bring order out of chaos, nor to suggest improvements in creation, but simply to wake up to the very life we are living, which is so excellent once one gets ones mind and desires out the way and lets ot act of its own accord (Cage, 1991, p. 158). The present paper is designed to discuss both biography and creative heritage of John Cage. Need essay sample on "John Cage" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Our Customers Very Often Tell EssayLab specialists: I'm don't want to write my essay. Because I don't have the time Essay writers suggest: Things Go Better Academic Paper Writing Services Get Paid To Write Papers For Students Best Essay Writing Service Write My Essay Online Reviews Cage was born in Los Angeles in 1912 and originated from a Scottish family. His father was a creative personality, a famous inventor, who used to teach his son in the following statement: of someone says cant, that shows you what to do (Cage, 1991, p. 158). His mother, on the contrary, was a strict woman with strong common sense, who, in addition, was Episcopalian (Dyson, 1992) and therefore hated violin as a devils instrument and tried to prevent his son from studying music. As the composer writes (Cage, 1991; Nyman, 1974), his aspiration to create became consciousness at Pomona College, when he was shocked to see all his classmates reading the same book in the library. In order to manifest his protest, he took a book, whose authors name began with Z and received the highest grade in the class on the next day (Nyman, 1974). In his opinion, Cage made a right conclusion and alleged that the institution didnt work appropriately; consequently, he dropped out in the second year and moved to Europe, where he began to write his first pieces of audio art (Dyson, 1992). Nevertheless, he was dissatisfied with his work as architects apprentice and thus returned to America in 1931. His interest in his motherland was completely renovated after he read Walt Whitmans Leaves of Grass, so he decided to make famous both himself and his native state and ped into the art of composition, comprehending and learning it with such celebrities as Richard Buhlig, Adolph Weiss, Henry Cowell and Arnold Schoenberg (Dyson, 1992). Schoenberg agreed to teach Cage for free, but put forth an important condition the young prodigy was supposed to devote his life to music Cage agreed without any redundant reflections. Cage remembers Schoenbergs tutorship as a contradictory experience: After I have been studying with his for two years, Schoenberg said: In order to write, you must have a feeling for harmony. I explained to him that I had no feeling for harmony. He then said I would always encounter an obstacle, that it would be as though I came to a wall through which I could not pass. I said, In that case I will devote my life to beating my head against that wall. (Kostelanetz, 1990, p. 295). After these studies, the composer got preoccupied with serialism, which he used to explain with his humor as the application of holistic and democratic ideals, so that the certain pitches did not predominate over the others. Soon, his experimentation with percussion and non-traditional instruments began, so he gradually replaced harmony with rhythm (Nyman, 1974). Furthermore, he employed Anton Weberns and Eric Saties approaches to music, which prescribed structuring pieces in accordance with the duration of the section or episode (Kostelanetz, 1990; Sumner et al, 1986). In 1935 he married a Russian immigrant artist, Xenia Kashevaroff. Towards the end of the 1930s, the composer began to attend the Cornish School of the Arts and was at the same time hired in Seattle as an accompanist for dancers his most prominent work in this field was the project Bacchanale (Dyson, 1992; Sumner et al, 1986), which constituted a dance for Syvilla Fort. Due to the fact that the music was supposed to create the atmosphere of a Bacchanalia, Cage attempted to adjust percussion and other music instruments to the dance and began to put metal objects (screws, bolts and so forth) on the tops of or between the strings of his piano and really enjoyed the subsequent melody. Thus, his concept of prepared piano (Sumner et al, 1986) came into being similarly to his teacher Henry Cowell, he also viewed the instrument as an incomplete tool, which needed additional improvement, depending upon the situation (Sumner et al, 1986). The Sonatas and Interludes of 1946-48 are widely seen as Cages greatest work for prepared piano. Pierre Boulez was one of its admirers, and he organized the European premiere of the work. Around this time the two composers struck up a correspondence, but this stopped when they came to a disagreement over Cages use of chance in his music (Dyson, 1992, p. 382). In Cages opinion, the chance was an important step towards the refined art. His later work, entitled First Construction (In Metal) was less disordered, comparing to the Sonatas and Interludes, where he left much more freedom for a composer and created different versions of the prepared piano. Cages First Construction (In Metal) consisted of rhythmic and cold music, produced by percussion instruments, which sometimes is structures into a peculiar march, but further changes the rhythm (Kostelanetz, 1990). In the middle of the 1940s, Cage met choreographer and dancer Merce Cunningham (Nyman, 1974), for whom he would write a number of pieces. In several years, the composer adopted Zen Buddhism as his philosophy of life and began to add the elements of mystery and existential themes into his pieces of art. Approximately at the same time Cage employed the I Ching, the Book of Changes in order to determine the structure of his new composition. For instance his, Imaginary Landscape No.4 was created under the influence of this writing (Furlong, 1994) for twelve radio receivers. Each radio has two players; one to control the frequency the radio is tuned to, the other to control the volume level. Cage wrote very precise instructions in the score about how the performers should set their radios and change them over time, but he could not control the actual sound coming out of them, which was dependent on whatever radio shows were playing at the time of performance (Furlong, 1994, p. 63). The composition therefore was not performed in accordance with the prescriptions and sounded then in the indeterminate mode; as a result, his later pieces had been long rejected by orchestras, as the major responsibility for the successful and appropriate structuring was placed upon the performer, rather than the composer. Although the Concept for Piano and Orchestra and Atlas Eclipticalis were intended for a symphonic orchestra, they had been viewed as a taboo by conservative musicians, who talent was nurtured in conservatoriums, up to the middle of the 1970s (Dyson, 1992, Furlong, 1994). In parallel with his experiment, Cage visited the anaechoic chamber, where all surfaces were designed to absorb all sounds, where he wished to hear the true silence, but instead heard two sounds, one of which was louder, another one lower. He informed the engineer on his finding, but, as Cage remembers in his autobiographic sketch (Cage, 1991), the specialist explained that the louder sound referred to the work of his nervous system, and the lower one to his blood circulation. For many years Cage was searching for a totally soundless and quit place and concluded that merely death was likely to eliminate all sounds (Nyman, 1974). His understanding of the impossibility of silence as embodied in his most extraordinary composition entitled 433 (Dyson, 1992), which, however, was composed of several rhythmic silent episodes, as he later argued. The title can be interpreted also as 273 seconds, and due to the fact that minus 273 C is the absolute zero, the lowest temperature which can be achieved, so the author also tried to produce a background, or zero-level, from which the noise and sound derive and develop. The premiere of the composition took place in 1952 and was performed by David Tudor. The audience saw him sit at the piano and lift the lid of the piano. Some time later, without having played any notes, he closed the lid. A while after that, again having played nothing, he lifted the lid. And after a further period of time, he closed the lid once more and rose from the piano (Dyson, 1992, p. 400). The audiences reaction was ambivalent; some visitors left the auditorium in the middle of the performance, others began to whisper to one another thus, the piece was a great opportunity for everyone to hear themselves and realize that even in the silent settings, the sound penetrates the accommodation. As Cage later alleged, There is no such thing as silence. Something is always happening that makes a sound (Kostelanetz, 1990, p. 293). This work can be compared to Malevichs Black Square: in the darkness and homogeneity of the illustration, everyone finds certain hidden senses and meanings, moreover, adjusts this interpretation to the conditions of his own life and might even decide that the square is in fact the prophecy concerning his own life. Similarly, the contradictory piece inescapably results in the search for a deeper understanding and probably in the attempt to tie the structure and the nature of the composition to the existing political or social problems. In fact, Cage was absolutely apolitical and to great extent asocial, as he never vacillated between daring oppose the minoritys opinion and daring not. As Cage writes, I have spent many pleasant hours in the woods conducting performances of my silent piecefor an audience of myself, since they were much longer than the popular length which I have published. At one performancethe second movement was extremely dramatic, beginning with the sounds of a buck and a doe leaping up to within ten feet of my rocky podium (Snyder, 1992, p. 62). 433 can also be compared to the piece, written ten years later and entitled with the similar simplification 00. Cage decided to perform this composition by himself, as it included merely the sound of slicing vegetables, putting them into a blender and drinking the resulting juice (Nyman, 1974). In my opinion, both compositions are designed for giving no heed of them on the contrary, inpiduals need to conduct introspection and involve into the useful process of thinking and reflecting while listening. Cages philosophy is also experimental and consists of the following writings: silence (1961), A Year From Monday (1968), M (19730, Empty Words (1979), X (1983) and Anarchy (1988). Most of them are written under the influence of Joyces Ulysses and his concept of consciousness flow, as the books usually narrate about the different days of Cages life, his essays easily switch from one year to another and provide not merely textual image, but are also intended to construct the readers hearing and seeing of the events (Dyson, 1992). Furthermore, from the late sixties Cage was also active as a visual artist, working on annual projects at Crown Point Press, from which he produced a series of drawings, prints and watercolors (Sumner, 1986, p. 263). At the same time, the composer didnt give up the art he was really faithful to and continued to create music, including the re-interpretations of his earlier works: for instance, the Litany for the Whale (1980) to great extent resemble his Hymns and Variations (1979), whereas his cheap Imitation is designed as a rebirth of Saties Socrate. Just before his death, Cage created One 11, the silent piece, which consists of images and electric light, which, in his opinion, should highlight the spaces, used in the work and demonstrate that they are not empty. The composer therefore knew no spiritual emptiness or exhaustion even in his last days. Cage died on August, 12, 1992. To sum up, Cages creative works were a true novelty and therefore influenced a number of artists and composers. In addition, one can conclude from the paper that the major value in Cages life was freedom: I am for birds, not for the cages people put them in (Snyder, 1992, p. 62). In fact, the compositions like 433 could be created only by an independent person, who didnt care about public opinion and oriented to his own ideas and perceptions. Reference Cage, J. 1991. An Autobiographical Statement. Southwest Review, 12: 154-178. Dyson, F. 1992. The Ear that Would Hear Sounds in Themselves: John Cage, in Wireless Imagination. Sound, Radio, Avant-Garde, edited by D.Kahn and G.Whitehead. Cambridge (Massachusetts), the MIT Press, pp. 373-408. Furlong, W. 1994. John cage, in Discourse and Practice in Contemporary Art, edited by W.Furlong. London, Academy Editions, pp. 62-64. Kostelanetz, R. 1990. John Cage on Radio and Audio Tape, in Sound by Artists, Art Metropole and Walter Phillips Gallery, edited by D.Lander and M.Lexier. Toronto, Banff, pp. 289-300. Nyman, M. 1974. Experimental Music. Cage and Beyond. New York: Harper. Snyder, E. 1992. John Cage Discusses Fluxus. Fluxus, Vol. 26 (1-2), pp.59-68. Sumner, M., Burch, K. and Sumner, M. 1986. The guests go in to supper. John Cage, Robert Ashley, Yoko Ono, laurie Anderson, Charles Amirkhanian, Michael Rappe. San Francisco, Burning Books.